This refers to the way information is presented in order to influence perception. By emphasising certain aspects of a story while downplaying others, creators can shape how audiences interpret the information. For instance, coverage of a protest might frame it as a “violent uprising” versus a “peaceful demonstration,” leading to different public reactions.

Sensationalism involves exaggerating or highlighting shocking aspects of a story to attract attention. This technique is often used in tabloid journalism, where headlines may suggest drastic claims. While sensationalist stories can generate clicks and views, they often sacrifice accuracy for entertainment, leading to distorted perceptions of reality.

This technique involves editing audio or video content to mislead viewers. A common example is taking quotes out of context, where a speaker’s words might be used to convey a completely different meaning than intended. For example, an edited interview clip might portray someone as endorsing a controversial opinion when, in reality, they were being critical of it.

Propaganda is information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or point of view. It can take many forms and can be disseminated through various media, including advertorials, political ads, and social media campaigns. Recognising propaganda is vital to understanding how narratives can be crafted to influence public opinion.

• Misinformation is false or misleading information spread without harmful intent, often due to misunderstanding or misinterpretation.
• Disinformation, on the other hand, is deliberately misleading information shared with the intent to deceive, often for political or financial gain. Both forms contribute to the erosion of trust in the media.