The aim of this module is to provide learners with an understanding of how digital literacy and attitudes toward technology vary across generations, from Baby Boomers to Generation Z. Knowledge of the sociocultural contexts and historical influences that shape these differences will help learners develop the skills needed to recognise and appreciate generational differences, encourage empathy and perspective-taking, and effectively communicate across generational divides. This module aims to allow learners to bridge generational gaps and therefore guide people of different ages to work better together online and face-to-face.
After completing this module learners will gain the knowledge and skills needed to recognise and appreciate generational differences, encourage empathy and perspective-taking, and effectively communicate across generational divides. The learning outcomes of this module are as follows:
Knowledge
Understanding of how digital literacy varies across different generations, including Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z.
Familiarity with the digital skills and competencies commonly associated with each generation, such as internet usage, social media proficiency, and digital communication preferences.
Knowledge of generational differences in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours related to technology adoption and usage.
Understanding of factors influencing attitudes toward technology, such as socioeconomic background, cultural norms, and life experiences.
Awareness of the socio-cultural context shaping generational perspectives on technology, including historical events, technological advancements, and societal changes.
Understanding of how societal norms and values influence intergenerational interactions and communication patterns in digital environments.
Skills
Ability to recognise and appreciate differences in digital literacy levels and attitudes toward technology among different generations.
Skill in observing and identifying generational preferences, behaviours, and challenges related to technology use.
Capacity for empathy and perspective-taking to understand the perspectives and experiences of individuals from different generations.
Skill in putting oneself in the shoes of others and seeing the world through their eyes, particularly regarding technology-related matters.
Competence in adapting communication styles and strategies to effectively engage and connect with individuals from diverse generational backgrounds.
Skill in fostering open dialogue, active listening, and mutual respect in intergenerational interactions, both online and offline.
Ability to develop and implement strategies for bridging the generational gap and fostering mutual understanding in digital contexts.
Skill in facilitating intergenerational learning experiences, mentorship programs, or collaborative projects to promote knowledge sharing and skill development across generations.
In this topic, learners can compare the digital literacy and skills of different generational groups: Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z. They will explore the unique characteristics, technological adaptations, and social media usage to better understand how digital proficiency differs across age groups.
The topic explores how technology impacts different age groups and highlights the importance of learning new digital skills to navigate the online world. It examines the possible reasons behind the digital skills, communication preferences, and technology usage patterns of Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z to understand how each generation interacts with technology.
The purpose of this module is to examine how different generations communicate with each other, considering historical events, societal changes, and technological progress. It will focus on the distinct characteristics and experiences of Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z. This topic aims to foster understanding and empathy across generations while identifying effective strategies for bridging generational gaps and fostering collaboration in workplaces, communities, and families.
By the end of this module, you will gain a clear understanding of how digital literacy varies across different generations. You will recognise the generational differences in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours related to technology adoption and usage, as well as the factors that drive these differences. With this knowledge, you will be better equipped to adjust your communication styles and strategies to effectively engage with people from different generations. This will promote open dialogue, active listening, and mutual respect in both online and offline interactions. Additionally, you will enhance your empathy and perspective-taking skills through engaging activities.
Throughout this module, you will explore generational differences and their impact on approaches to life, communication styles, and technology use. You will also discover whether there are differences in the online platforms each generation prefers and the amount of time they spend online. You will also gain insight into the socio-cultural factors that shape these behaviours, helping you to view different perspectives with greater empathy. An inspiring case story, followed by eye-opening facts and engaging activities, will guide you toward a deeper understanding of the diverse people around you. This experience may even help reduce intergenerational divides in both the real and the digital world. As an educator, you will be empowered to pass on this knowledge to your learners, expanding the influence even further.
Bridging the Digital Divide
In rural Ireland, two neighbours had always been kind to each other but never felt like they had much in common. Mr O’Brien is a retired librarian, while Lucy is a 25-year-old social media influencer working with some very impressive up-and-coming brands. The 2 neighbours have always had brief friendly chats but did not know much about each other. One day, Mr. O’Brien asked Lucy if she could take a look at an email he had received a couple of days ago. Lucy was happy to help, and they arranged for her to call over later that evening.
When Lucy went over to Mr O’Brien’s house, she was surprised to see that he was using a very old-looking desktop computer, it was quite slow, but they managed to locate the relevant email among all the other spam in the mailbox. The e-mail was sent from his grandson, Jonny, with an invitation for Mr O’Brien to join a Zoom call with a little note from Jonny saying that he now owns a tablet and would love to use Zoom rather than the phone for their weekly calls.
Unfortunately, the computer that Mr O’Brien had was not able to install Zoom, however, Lucy had an unused tablet that she had recently upgraded. So, she set that up for Mr O’Brien and also helped him with sorting out his privacy settings so that he would not receive as many spam emails.
In the meantime, Mr O’Brien shared tales of his youth—the days when letters travelled by horse-drawn carriages, and telegrams brought news of distant lands. Lucy listened, captivated by the richness of history. It made her realise that technology wasn’t just about progress, it was also about preserving memories and passing them down. Some of these stories gave her the most valuable inspiration for creating new and interesting content for her posts on TikTok. In one of the stories, Mr. O’Brien described how he used to wait for a letter from his future wife, so they could arrange to meet at a specific time and place. Everything seemed to move at a much slower pace back then. This story inspired Lucy to write a post about simplifying everyday tasks and the importance of not being available 24/7 for the sake of one’s mental health.
An unexpected friendship formed when one generation needed help, inspiring a connection that bridged the generational gap. Mr. O’Brien learned to slowly embrace the benefits of technology, while Lucy learned the value of human connection and the benefits of communication outside the online world.
To understand how digital literacy varies across different generations, we will need to first look at the characteristics and digital competencies of each of these generations.
Learn more facts about differences in generations by watching this YouTube video.
Duration: 45 minutes
Learners will use storytelling to compare and understand the concept of digital literacy and skills of various generational groups: Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z.
Materials Needed:
Introduce the subject and make sure that participants have read the module content for the topic “Digital Literacy Across Generations”.
Icebreaker: Ask participants to share one piece of technology they used extensively when they were teenagers or young adults (for example typewriter, VHS, computer, smartphone) and one social media platform they use daily now.
Split participants into four groups, and assign each group with one of the generations: Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z.
Explain that each group will create a storytelling presentation from the perspective of their assigned generation, focusing on:
Groups should begin by spending a few minutes brainstorming and discussing their assigned generation’s experiences with technology. Afterwards, they will organise their stories by identifying the key points they want to highlight and assigning roles if they choose to perform parts of the story. The story can be presented in various formats, such as a short play, a comic, or even a brief video (no longer than 2-3 minutes) if it can be shown to the rest of the group during the presentation stage.
Each group has a few minutes to present their story to the rest of the groups. Guide participants to be kind within their storytelling to avoid offending other participants who might be within the described generation.
After all presentations, facilitate a group discussion with the following questions:
Invite participants to reflect on their own digital literacy and how it has developed over time. What challenges have they encountered, and how did they overcome them?
Summarise the key points discussed during the activity and ask the participants if they would like to add anything or share any further experiences on the topic.
Technology is changing how we live, making everything faster and more connected. It’s important to learn digital skills to navigate this new digital world. In this module, we’ll take a look at digital skills of different age groups and examine how they use technology.
Common motives behind media manipulation include:
Baby Boomers primarily use the internet for gathering information, and staying updated on global events, health news, and financial updates. They are often described as “quality content” consumers, spending more time online and consistently viewing media compared to any other generation. Facebook, LinkedIn, and Pinterest are particularly popular among this group, reinforcing their reputation as dedicated viewers of high-quality content.
Generation X uses social media for both personal and professional purposes. They prefer the following channels: Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter/X as well as YouTube and Instagram.
Millennials actively use Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter as well as Facebook and YouTube.
45% of Generation Z report that they are online “almost constantly,” this generation could be labelled as overly attached to virtual platforms. They share their personal brand through platforms like TikTok, Instagram, Snapchat and YouTube. (Rose, 2023; Zote, 2024)
Understanding the digital profiles of different generations enables us to create inclusive educational programmes and design technology that is user-friendly for all. Embracing digital literacy across all age groups improves the quality of life in our increasingly connected world.
Duration: 45 minutes
Learners will explore “empathy mapping” to encourage sensitivity and understanding between different generational groups regarding their use of and attitudes toward technology. They will get an opportunity to practice perspective-taking by considering how various age groups interact with the digital world.
Materials needed:
Introduce the subject and make sure the participants have read the module content for the topic “Attitudes Toward Technology”.
Divide participants into small groups. Each group will focus on one generation.
Ask each group to discuss and note down:
After discussions, have each group share their insights with the larger group.
Introduce the empathy mapping exercise, and explain how it involves understanding another person’s experience, feelings, and perspective.
Provide each group with a large sheet of paper divided into four: “Says,” “Thinks,” “Does,” and “Feels.”
Ask groups to fill out the empathy map for a typical member of their assigned generation in the context of using technology. Prompt them with questions such as:
Once participants have completed their empathy maps, have groups post them around the room.
Allow participants to walk around and review the empathy maps created by other groups. Encourage them to write comments or questions on sticky notes and place them on the maps.
Bring participants back together for a group discussion.
In our interconnected world, understanding intergenerational communication is crucial. Different age groups have grown up with varying technologies, social norms, and cultural influences that shape their perspectives on various issues. Let’s take a look at the dynamics of cross-generational communication, considering historical context, societal influences, and methods for bridging generational divides.
The adoption of technology by each generation is shaped by historical events, cultural shifts, and generational experiences. Here are some key points:
The most common technology used for information was the radio, as well as predominantly black-and-white TV. This is the generation that heard, or saw, the moon landing from their living rooms. This generation’s learning style tends to be more auditory—they want people to talk to them, in person or on the phone. They are known to enjoy a good discussion. They also experienced the rise of personal computers (PCs), the internet, and mobile phones. Despite the fact that they have adapted well to digital technologies, they may still prefer traditional communication methods.
With women returning to the workforce again and divorce rates rising, Generation X were often left to hang out at home by themselves with their colour TVs. As a result, many became independent, self-reliant, and free-thinking. The generation that invented email grew up during a time of disillusionment. With historic events like the Vietnam War, their trust in authority suffered. As a result, this typically sceptical generation showed less respect for service, title, or rank and instead valued competence and individuality. Their preferred learning style tends to be visual—they want to see what’s happening and how it works. They witnessed the transition from analogue to digital. They are comfortable with both online and offline communication.
This generation grew up during the digital revolution and the arrival of smartphones. They’ve lived life with and without digital technology. Millennials grew up with diverse, blended families and they tend to have close family relationships. Smartphones enabled connections across the globe and helped create and maintain relationships. Generally crushed by debt and hit with injustice at home and work, many in this tech-savvy generation became more creative, empathetic, and aware of global issues than the previous generations. Chat (instant messenger) and text messages enabled this generation to give and receive information more quickly than others. As a result, they are known to prefer kinaesthetic learning (they learn by doing).
Generation Z are an increasingly diverse population and care deeply about issues such as equality, diversity, and climate change. They are often activists in nature and want to see the government involved in solutions to large, entrenched problems. Shaped by the global pandemic, they tend to learn from and be driven by social media—Twitter/X, Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok (Facebook is considered already “outdated”) and value short, quick bursts of thought that are relevant to the current conversation. Having grown up with technology, they are known to be “digital natives” (Denison, 2024).
Based on this information, it is clear that there are certain characteristics for different generations, and we can see how historical events that took place during their lifetimes have shaped this. Let’s have a look at how we can use this information to create more understanding communities.
To foster understanding and collaboration it is important to:
Intergenerational communication enriches our workplaces, communities, and families. By embracing differences and fostering empathy, we can build bridges that span generations, creating a more connected and harmonious world.
Watch this in-depth analysis of the impact different aspects, including technology, have on an entire generation in the following YouTube video
Duration: 30 minutes
Learners will gain an understanding and collaborate among different generations by exploring their unique characteristics, learning styles, and historical contexts. This can guide them to develop strategies that bridge generational gaps.
Materials Needed:
Flip chart or whiteboard and Markers
Post-its and Pens
Timer
Introduce the topic of bridging generational gaps to participants and make sure that participants have read the module content for the topic “Socio-Cultural Context and Intergenerational Communication”.
Ask participants to mention one technology or cultural phenomenon from their youth that significantly impacted them.
Ask participants to form small groups and if possible, ensure that each group has members from different generations.
Each group will be assigned one of the following strategies:
Their task is to brainstorm practical ways to implement it in their workplace, community, or family.
Digital literacy varies significantly across different generations, influenced by the technological environment they grew up in. Baby Boomers, while less tech-savvy, have adapted to essential digital tools and remain active learners. Generation X, having experienced the dawn of personal computing, is comfortable with technology but less dependent on it compared to younger generations. Millennials, who grew up during the transition to a digital world, are highly skilled in using a wide range of digital tools and social media platforms. Generation Z, as digital natives, and are the most proficient in digital technologies, integrating them into all aspects of their lives. Understanding these generational differences in digital literacy is crucial for tailoring education, communication, and technology design to meet the unique needs and strengths of each group.
Technology’s impact on our lives highlights the importance of developing digital skills to navigate the digital landscape effectively. This module highlights how different generations approach and use technology, illustrating their unique digital competencies and communication preferences.
Baby Boomers, as “digital immigrants,” prioritise quality content and personal connections, primarily using technology for information and global updates. Generation X, described as “hybrid,” values concise communication and uses technology for both, personal and professional purposes. Millennials prioritise lifestyle satisfaction and open communication, using social media for connection and entertainment. Generation Z, the true “digital natives”, integrates digital communication into their lives, using a wide range of platforms for instant feedback and personal branding.
Understanding intergenerational communication is essential in our ever evolving and interconnected world. Each generation, shaped by certain historical events and societal influences, has unique perspectives and communication preferences. Baby Boomers value auditory and traditional communication, Generation X thrives on visual learning and independence, Millennials are great at learning by doing and digital connectivity, and Generation Z, as digital natives, are driven by social media and activism.
To bridge generational gaps, we must encourage open dialogues, share experiences without assumptions, and create balanced environments in both work and learning settings. Forming cross-generational teams and promoting mentorship can enhance diverse skills and viewpoints. Adapting communication styles to engage all age groups, while being flexible, patient, and respectful, is key to building bridges across generations, and creating a more connected and peaceful world.
A situation in which older and younger people do not understand each other because of their different experiences, opinions, habits, and behaviour. Source: Cambridge Dictionary.
The problem of some members of society do not have the opportunity or knowledge to use computers and the internet that others have. Source: Cambridge Dictionary.
A person who is very familiar with digital technology, computers, etc. because they have grown up with them. Source: Cambridge Dictionary.
A person who started using digital technology, computers, the internet, etc. during their adult life but did not grow up using them. Source: Cambridge Dictionary.
Refers to the advancement of technology from analogue electronic and mechanical devices to the digital technology available today. Source: Beal, 2024
Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. Project number: 2023-1-NO01-KA220-ADU-